Detailed table of contents

Foreword
Introduction
§1 Scope
§2 Normative references
§3 Terms and definitions
§4 General description
§5 Conformance
§6 Lexical structure
- §6.1 Programs
- §6.2 Grammars
  - §6.2.1 General
  - §6.2.2 Grammar notation
  - §6.2.3 Lexical grammar
  - §6.2.4 Syntactic grammar
  - §6.2.5 Grammar ambiguities
- §6.3 Lexical analysis
  - §6.3.1 General
  - §6.3.2 Line terminators
  - §6.3.3 Comments
  - §6.3.4 White space
- §6.4 Tokens
  - §6.4.1 General
  - §6.4.2 Unicode character escape sequences
  - §6.4.3 Identifiers
  - §6.4.4 Keywords
  - §6.4.5 Literals
    - §6.4.5.1 General
    - §6.4.5.2 Boolean literals
    - §6.4.5.3 Integer literals
    - §6.4.5.4 Real literals
    - §6.4.5.5 Character literals
    - §6.4.5.6 String literals
    - §6.4.5.7 The null literal
  - §6.4.6 Operators and punctuators
- §6.5 Pre-processing directives
  - §6.5.1 General
  - §6.5.2 Conditional compilation symbols
  - §6.5.3 Pre-processing expressions
  - §6.5.4 Definition directives
  - §6.5.5 Conditional compilation directives
  - §6.5.6 Diagnostic directives
  - §6.5.7 Region directives
  - §6.5.8 Line directives
  - §6.5.9 Nullable directive
  - §6.5.10 Pragma directives
§7 Basic concepts
- §7.1 Application startup
  - §7.1.1 General
  - §7.1.2 Using a named entry point
  - §7.1.3 Using top-level statements
- §7.2 Application termination
- §7.3 Declarations
- §7.4 Members
  - §7.4.1 General
  - §7.4.2 Namespace members
  - §7.4.3 Struct members
  - §7.4.4 Enumeration members
  - §7.4.5 Class members
  - §7.4.6 Interface members
  - §7.4.7 Array members
  - §7.4.8 Delegate members
- §7.5 Member access
  - §7.5.1 General
  - §7.5.2 Declared accessibility
  - §7.5.3 Accessibility domains
  - §7.5.4 Protected access
  - §7.5.5 Accessibility constraints
- §7.6 Signatures and overloading
- §7.7 Scopes
  - §7.7.1 General
  - §7.7.2 Name hiding
    - §7.7.2.1 General
    - §7.7.2.2 Hiding through nesting
    - §7.7.2.3 Hiding through inheritance
- §7.8 Namespace and type names
  - §7.8.1 General
  - §7.8.2 Unqualified names
  - §7.8.3 Fully qualified names
- §7.9 Automatic memory management
- §7.10 Execution order
§8 Types
- §8.1 General
- §8.2 Reference types
  - §8.2.1 General
  - §8.2.2 Class types
  - §8.2.3 The object type
  - §8.2.4 The dynamic type
  - §8.2.5 The string type
  - §8.2.6 Interface types
  - §8.2.7 Array types
  - §8.2.8 Delegate types
- §8.3 Value types
  - §8.3.1 General
  - §8.3.2 The System.ValueType type
  - §8.3.3 Default constructors
  - §8.3.4 Struct types
  - §8.3.5 Simple types
  - §8.3.6 Integral types
  - §8.3.7 Floating-point types
  - §8.3.8 The Decimal type
  - §8.3.9 The Bool type
  - §8.3.10 Enumeration types
  - §8.3.11 Tuple types
    - §8.3.11.1 General
    - §8.3.11.2 Eliding intermediate tuple creation
    - §8.3.11.3 Runtime representation
  - §8.3.12 Nullable value types
  - §8.3.13 Boxing and unboxing
- §8.4 Constructed types
  - §8.4.1 General
  - §8.4.2 Type arguments
  - §8.4.3 Open and closed types
  - §8.4.4 Bound and unbound types
  - §8.4.5 Satisfying constraints
- §8.5 Type parameters
- §8.6 Expression tree types
- §8.7 The dynamic type
- §8.8 Unmanaged types
- §8.9 Reference Types and nullability
  - §8.9.1 General
  - §8.9.2 Non-nullable reference types
  - §8.9.3 Nullable reference types
  - §8.9.4 Nullable context
    - §8.9.4.1 General
    - §8.9.4.2 Nullable disable
    - §8.9.4.3 Nullable annotations
    - §8.9.4.4 Nullable warnings
    - §8.9.4.5 Nullable enable
  - §8.9.5 Nullabilities and null states
    - §8.9.5.1 General
    - §8.9.5.2 Flow analysis
    - §8.9.5.3 Type conversions
§9 Variables
- §9.1 General
- §9.2 Variable categories
  - §9.2.1 General
  - §9.2.2 Static variables
  - §9.2.3 Instance variables
    - §9.2.3.1 General
    - §9.2.3.2 Instance variables in classes
    - §9.2.3.3 Instance variables in structs
  - §9.2.4 Array elements
  - §9.2.5 Value parameters
  - §9.2.6 Reference parameters
  - §9.2.7 Output parameters
  - §9.2.8 Input parameters
  - §9.2.9 Local variables
    - §9.2.9.1 General
    - §9.2.9.2 Discards
- §9.3 Default values
- §9.4 Definite assignment
  - §9.4.1 General
  - §9.4.2 Initially assigned variables
  - §9.4.3 Initially unassigned variables
  - §9.4.4 Precise rules for determining definite assignment
    - §9.4.4.1 General
    - §9.4.4.2 General rules for statements
    - §9.4.4.3 Block statements, checked, and unchecked statements
    - §9.4.4.4 Expression statements
    - §9.4.4.5 Declaration statements
    - §9.4.4.6 If statements
    - §9.4.4.7 Switch statements
    - §9.4.4.8 While statements
    - §9.4.4.9 Do statements
    - §9.4.4.10 For statements
    - §9.4.4.11 Break, continue, and goto statements
    - §9.4.4.12 Throw statements
    - §9.4.4.13 Return statements
    - §9.4.4.14 Try-catch statements
    - §9.4.4.15 Try-finally statements
    - §9.4.4.16 Try-catch-finally statements
    - §9.4.4.17 Foreach statements
    - §9.4.4.18 Using statements
    - §9.4.4.19 Lock statements
    - §9.4.4.20 Yield statements
    - §9.4.4.21 General rules for constant expressions
    - §9.4.4.22 General rules for simple expressions
    - §9.4.4.23 General rules for expressions with embedded expressions
    - §9.4.4.24 Invocation expressions and object creation expressions
    - §9.4.4.25 Simple and deconstructing assignment expressions
    - §9.4.4.26 && expressions
    - §9.4.4.27 || expressions
    - §9.4.4.28 ! expressions
    - §9.4.4.29 ?? expressions
    - §9.4.4.30 ?: expressions
    - §9.4.4.31 Anonymous functions
    - §9.4.4.32 Throw expressions
    - §9.4.4.33 Rules for variables in local functions
    - §9.4.4.34 is-pattern expressions
    - §9.4.4.35 ?. expressions
    - §9.4.4.36 Boolean constant expressions
    - §9.4.4.37 ==/!= expressions
    - §9.4.4.38 is operator and is pattern expressions
- §9.5 Variable references
- §9.6 Atomicity of variable references
- §9.7 Reference variables and returns
  - §9.7.1 General
  - §9.7.2 Ref safe contexts
    - §9.7.2.1 General
    - §9.7.2.2 Local variable ref safe context
    - §9.7.2.3 Parameter ref safe context
    - §9.7.2.4 Field ref safe context
    - §9.7.2.5 Operators
    - §9.7.2.6 Function invocation
    - §9.7.2.7 Values
    - §9.7.2.8 Constructor invocations
    - §9.7.2.9 Limitations on reference variables
  - §9.7.3 The scoped modifier
  - §9.7.4 Parameter scope variance
§10 Conversions
- §10.1 General
- §10.2 Implicit conversions
  - §10.2.1 General
  - §10.2.2 Identity conversion
  - §10.2.3 Implicit numeric conversions
  - §10.2.4 Implicit enumeration conversions
  - §10.2.5 Implicit interpolated string conversions
  - §10.2.6 Implicit nullable conversions
  - §10.2.7 Null literal conversions
  - §10.2.8 Implicit reference conversions
  - §10.2.9 Boxing conversions
  - §10.2.10 Implicit dynamic conversions
  - §10.2.11 Implicit constant expression conversions
  - §10.2.12 Implicit conversions involving type parameters
  - §10.2.13 Implicit tuple conversions
  - §10.2.14 User-defined implicit conversions
  - §10.2.15 Anonymous function conversions and method group conversions
  - §10.2.16 Default literal conversions
  - §10.2.17 Implicit throw conversions
  - §10.2.18 Switch expression conversion
  - §10.2.19 Implicit object-creation conversions
  - §10.2.20 Implicit conditional expression conversions
  - §10.2.21 Anonymous function type conversion
  - §10.2.22 Implicit collection expression conversions
  - §10.2.23 Implicit inline array conversions
- §10.3 Explicit conversions
  - §10.3.1 General
  - §10.3.2 Explicit numeric conversions
  - §10.3.3 Explicit enumeration conversions
  - §10.3.4 Explicit nullable conversions
  - §10.3.5 Explicit reference conversions
  - §10.3.6 Explicit tuple conversions
  - §10.3.7 Unboxing conversions
  - §10.3.8 Explicit conversions involving type parameters
  - §10.3.9 User-defined explicit conversions
- §10.4 Standard conversions
  - §10.4.1 General
  - §10.4.2 Standard implicit conversions
  - §10.4.3 Standard explicit conversions
- §10.5 User-defined conversions
  - §10.5.1 General
  - §10.5.2 Permitted user-defined conversions
  - §10.5.3 Evaluation of user-defined conversions
  - §10.5.4 User-defined implicit conversions
  - §10.5.5 User-defined explicit conversions
- §10.6 Conversions involving nullable types
  - §10.6.1 Nullable Conversions